Anti-thromboinflammation of Triherbal Extract in Diabetic Rats
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the effects of a blended aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera, Ocimum gratissimum, and Vernonia amygdalina on some markers of thromboinflammation in diabetic rats.
Material and Methods: We administered 150 mg/kg body weight of the individual extracts and the blended extract (1:1:1) to diabetic induced rats for 28 days. Acute toxicity of the extracts were determined by the Lorke technique while the markers of thromboinflammation, involving platelet count, mean platelet volume, platelet distribution width, plateletcrit, platelet large cell ratio, absolute white blood cell, lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, basophils and eosinophils, were determined as part of the complete blood count using an automated hematology analyzer.
Results: The LD50 of both the individual and blended extracts were observed to be above 5,000 mg/kg body weight. There was a significant increase in the serum glucose and markers of thromboinflammation involving the total white blood cell count, neutrophil count, platelet count, plateletcrit, mean platelet volume, platelet distribution width and the platelet large cell ratio, but a decrease in the lymphocyte and eosinophil count for the diabetic non-extract treated rats. The diabetic rats treated with the blended extract showed a significant restoration of the parameters.
Conclusion: This study revealed that the blended aqueous extracts of Moringa oleifera, Ocimum gratissimum, and Vernonia amygdalina are non-toxic and may have synergistic effects in limiting thromboinflammation in a diabetic state.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Essawi K, Dobie G, Shaabi MF, Hakami W, Saboor M, Madkhali AM, et al. Comparative analysis of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets count and indices in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and normal controls: association and clinical implications. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2024;16:3123-32. doi: 10.2147/DMSO.S422373.
Gauer JS, Ajjan RA, Ariens RAS. Platelet-Neutrophil interaction and thrombo inflammation in diabetes: considerations for novel therapeutic approaches. J Am Heart Assoc 2022;11:e027071. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.122.027071.
Jackson SP, Darbousset R, Schoenwaelder SM. Thromboinflammation: challenges of therapeutically targeting coagulation and other host defense mechanisms. Blood 2019; 133:906-18. doi: 10.1182/blood-2018-11-882993.
Alnima T, Meijer RI, Spronk HMH, Warle M, Cate TH. Diabetes-versus smoking-related thrombo-inflammation in peripheral artery disease. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2023;22:257. doi: 10.1186/s12933-023-01990-6.
Asuzu-Samuel HO, Okari KA. Effect of methanol moringa oleifera leaves extract on hematological parameters of alloxan induced diabetic wistar rats. Int J Rec Res Life Sci 2024;11:6-10. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.10574489.
Ayobami AI, Kade EA, Oladimeji KA, Kehinde S, Garpreet K. Anti-diabetic potential of aqeous extract of moringa oleifera, occimium gratissium and Vernonia amygdalina in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. J Diabetes Clin Res 2020;2:78-85. doi: 10.33696/diabetes.1.023.
Rani NZA, Husain K, Kumolosasi E. Moringa genus: a review of phytochemistry and pharmacology. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1-26. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00108.
Odozi EB, Ayeni EE. Effect of aqueous leaf extract of moringa oleifera on some complete blood count and some oxidative stress markers of stress-induced albino wistar rats. Afr J Lab Heam Transf Sci 2024;3:107-13. doi: 10.59708/ajlhts.v3i2.2408.
Anzano A, Ammar M, Papaianni M, Grauso L, Sabbah M, Capparelli R, et al. Moringa oleifera lam: phytochemical and pharmacological overview. Horticulture 2021;7:409. doi: 10.3390/horticulturae7100409.
Ugbogu OC, Okezie E, Ayi GO, Ibe C, Ekweogu CN, Ude VC, et al. A review on the traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of clove basil (Ocimum gratissium L). Heliyon 2021;7:e08404. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08404.
Bhavani T, Mohan RR, Mounica C, Nyamisha J, Krishna AG, Prabhavathi P, et al. Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of Ocimum gratissium review. J Pharmacogn phytochem 2019;8:76-9.
Degu S, Meresa A, Animaw Z, Jegnie M, Asfaw A, Tegegn G. Vernonia amygdalina: a comprehensive review of the nutritional make-up, traditional medicinal use and pharmacology of isolated phytochemicals and compounds. Front Nat Prod 2024; 3:1347855. doi: 10.3389/fntpr.2024.1347855.
Lubis FM, Hasibuan ZAP, Syahputra H, Astyka R, Baruna I. Phytochemical profile and pharmacologic activity of vernonia amygdalina delile stem bark extracts using different solvent extraction. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2022;10:860-6. doi: 10.3889/oamjms.2022.8921.
Luka CD, Tijjani H, Joel EB, Ezejiofor UL, Onwakike P. Hypoglycemic properties of aqueous extracts of anarcardium occidentale, moringa oleifera, veronica amygdalina and heliathusannus: a comparative study on some biochemical parameters in diabetic rats. Int J Pharm Sci Invent 2013;2:16-22. doi: 10.5897/JDE2019.0136.
Ibe EO, Akuodor GC, Elom MO, Chukwurah EE, Ibe CE, Nworie A. Protective effects of an ethanolic leaf extract from ficus capensis against phenylhydraxine induced anemia in wistar rats. J Herbmed Pharmacol 2022;11:483-9. doi: 10.34172/jhp.2022.55.
Abiola T, John EO, Sossou IT, Callistus BC. Immune boosting and ameliorative properties of aqueous extract of Vernonia amygdalina against MSG-induced genotoxicity: an in silico and invivo approach. Heliyon 2024;10:e23226. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23226.
National Institute of Health. Guide for the care and use of Laboratory Animals. 8th ed, Bethesda, MD: NIH; 2011;P82-3.
Ali AS, Nageye YA, Bello KE. Investigating the effects of aqueous leaf extracts from moringa oleifera and Carica papaya on chloramphenicol induced anemia in wistar rats. Trop J Nat Prod Res 2024;8:7765-9. doi: 10.26538/tjnpr/v8i7.21.
Uquali A, Siddiqui S, Aijaz R, Nizammani YM, Kazi N, Nizammani GG. Anti-hyperglycemic effect of Diacerein in Alloxan-induced diabetes mellitus I wistar albino rats. J Pharm Res Int 2020;32:107-13. doi: 10.9734/jpri/2020/v32i1530633.
Adindu EA, Godfrey CO, Odey MO, Agwupuye EI, Abu CI, Odok EA, et al. Effects of a local aphrodisiac on body weight changes, LD50, lipid profile, liver enzymes and antioxidant activities in male wistar rats. Afr J Biomed Res 2024;27:309- 16. doi: 10.4314/ajbr.v27i2.15.
Amagon KL, Wannang NN, Bukar BB, Kolawole JA, Falang KD, Ajima U, et al. Evaluation of serum hematological and electrolyte changes in wistar rats administered some polyherbal preparations. Eur J Biol Biotech 2020;1:1-5. doi: 10.24018/ejbio.2020.1.5.81.
Attama SC, Aba PE, Asuzu UC, Asuzu UI. Comparative studies on the hypoglycemic and antioxidant activities of vernonia amygdalina delile and Baccharoides tenoreana olive in alloxan-induced hyperglycemic rats. Clin Phytosci 2021;7:91. doi: 10.1186/s40816-021-00330-z.
Ali M. Determination of proximate, phytochemicals and minerals composition of Vernonia amygdalina (bitter leaf). Nutraceutical Res 2020;1:1. doi: 10.35702/nutri.10001.
Jain P, Jain N, Patil UK. Phytochemical and pharmacological profile of moringa oleifera lam. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2020;11:5968-73. doi: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.11(12).5968-73.
Citirik M, Beyazyildiz E, Simsek M, Beyazyildz O, Haznedaroglu IC. MPV may reflect subclinical platelet activation in diabetic patients with and without diabetic retinopathy. Eye 2015; 29:376-9. doi: 10.1038/eye.2014.298.
Zhu Y, Xu M, Li J, Li J, Li L, Zhou Y, et al. Peripheral white blood cell subtypes and the development/progression of diabetic macular edema in type 2 diabetic patients: a comparative study. Ann Palliat Med 2022;11:2887-96. doi: 10.21037/apm-22-962.
Saha A, Das R, Patra D, Chatterjee. The role of platelet indices in diabetes mellitus – a comparative study of 160 cases among diabetic and non- diabetic individuals in a tertiary care hospital in Eastern India. Int J Life Sci Biotechnol Pharma Res 2023;12:497-500.
Liu F, Li Y, Li W, Feng R, Zhao H, Chen J, et al. The role of peripheral white blood cell counts in the association between central adiposity and glycemic status. Nutr Diabetes 2024;14:30. doi: 10.1038/s41387-024-00271-9.
Khana P, Salwan SK, Sharma A. Correlation of platelet indices in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and associated microvascular complications: a hospital based prospective, case-control study. Cureus 2024;16:e55959. doi: 10.7759/cureus.55959.
Nakhro N, Khambra P, Sharma S, Siingha BT. Metabolic consequences on platelet parameters: mean platelet volume and platelet distribution width in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Asian J Med Sci 2024;15:45-50. doi: 10.3126/ajms.v15i10.67644.
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.